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新西伯利亚：西伯利亚的冰雪之都 塔莉，被遗弃虎崽的继母

基日岛： 俄罗斯最著名的木结构传承地

来源： 《透视俄罗斯》
Kizhi Island is one of Russia's best-known heritage sites, visited throughout the year, but especially in the summer as part of river cruise itineraries between St. Petersburg and Moscow.
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基日岛是俄罗斯最著名的传承地之一，一年四季游客不断，夏季时作为圣彼得堡和莫斯科之间游轮行程的一段，游客更是络绎不绝。
Located on the northwestern shore of Lake Onega, in the Republic of Karelia, Kizhi displays the wooden structures that define the traditional culture of the Russian north.

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基日岛位于奥涅加湖西北岸，在卡累利阿共和国境内，这里的木制结构确定了俄罗斯北部地区的传统文化。
Kizhi, however, is unique in the range and distinction of its collection, from simple barns to the towering log Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior, with its 22 cupolas.

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然而基日岛在周边地区是非常独特的，其景观也非同寻常。从简单的谷仓到高耸的有着22个圆顶的木质主显圣容教堂，不一而足。
In the late 1940s, substantial restoration work began on Kizhi, and in 1951 the first example of historic log structures from other Karelian locations was brought to the island.

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在 上世纪40年代后期，基日岛开始了大规模的修复工作。在1951 年，第一个有代表性的古代木结构建筑就从卡累利阿的其他地区迁到了岛上来。
New additions arrived throughout the 1950s and 1950s, and in 1966, Kizhi became a national architecture and historic museum; it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990.

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在整个50年代和60年代，不断有木结构建筑被送来。在1966年，基日岛成为了国家建筑和历史博物馆；1990 年它被联合国教科文组织认定为世界文化遗产。
The Transfiguration Church, built in 1714 and located with the companion Church of the Intercession on its original site, is for many visitors the defining monument of Kizhi.

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主显圣容教堂建于 公元1714年，与代祷教堂一同矗立在其原始位置上，在许多游客严重它就是基日岛的代表性建筑。
For all the lyrical beauty of these log churches, the basic purpose of building in wood was to provide housing. Like the wooden churches in their midst, the log houses of Kizhi demonstrate artistry of design as well as economy of function. Built primarily of pine or fir, with birch and aspen for details, the log house (izba in Russian) was crafted to withstand the severe climate and long winters.

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与这些木结构教堂的抒情美感相对的是，以木材为原料的基本目的是提供住房。在木质教堂一样，周围的木结构房屋也展现出了设计的艺术性和功能的经济性。木结构房屋的主体以松木或杉木建造、细节以桦木和杨木装饰，这样的房屋能够承受漫长冬季和严寒的考验。
Examples of these houses, primarily from the late 19th century, are spread throughout Kizhi Island, from buildings grouped around the original church ensemble at the lower end of the island to other sites at the island's middle and northern parts. Taken together, these sites exhibit structures from various districts throughout the northwest region of Lake Onega, including villages inhabited by ethnic Karelians and Veps.

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这些房屋主要建于19 世纪晚期，而且遍布整个基日岛，从岛南端以教堂的原始位置为中心的成片建筑，到岛中部和北部地区，几乎随处可见。所有这些景点集合起来，展现了奥涅加湖整个西北部各个地区的建筑结构，甚至包括卡累利阿少数民族和和维普人的房屋。
In the severe climate of the far north, these houses provided living space for people as well as space for animals, supplies, and farm implements within a single, self-sufficient structure. Such northern houses varied considerably in size and configuration.

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在极北地区的苦寒气候下，这些房子在一个单一的、 自给自足的结构内为人和动物、补给品、 以及农具提供了足够的空间。这种北方住宅在规模和配置上相差很大。
The simplest in plan is the brus, a long rectangular structure whose living quarters are at the front, while the larger space for storage and livestock extends along a single axis to the back.

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设计最简单的是布鲁斯房屋，其生活区在前面，而较大的用于存储和畜养牲畜的长矩形结构则沿相同的轴线向后延伸。
Whether large or small, the exteriors of these log houses were traditionally decorated with elaborate window surrounds (nalichniki) and carved decorative endboards (prichelina) for the roof. In the 18th and 19th centuries, patterns derived from folk art became particularly elaborate.

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无论房屋大小，这些木结构房屋的外墙窗口周围都有着传统的精致装饰(nalichniki)，屋顶也雕刻着装饰的檐板(prichelina)。在 18实际 和 19 世纪，源自民间美术的图案变得极其精美。
Yet during the same period, carpenters began to adapt urban architectural motifs such as baroque window surrounds that they observed during seasonal work in cities such as St. Petersburg. The larger houses displayed on Kizhi serve as a showcase for artisanal skills that reflected the owner's wealth and culture.

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然而在同一时期，木匠开始吸收城市建筑的风格，比如他们在圣彼得斯堡等城市做季节性工作期间看到的巴洛克式窗口装饰。基日岛上较大的房屋能够从工匠的技艺上反映出房屋主人的财富和文化素养。
The rigors of the northern climate produced a shelter environment that excluded or reduced natural light – even in the limited, precious time when the sun was visible.

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严酷的极北地区气候使得居住环境要排除或减少自然光照，即使是在能够见到太阳的有限而宝贵时间里也是如此。
Such forms, created from the materials available in the northern forests and gathered at Kizhi, reaffirmed the survival of the community and the innate longings of the soul.

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这种的形式来自北方森林中的可用材料，在基日岛集中体现，再次强调了集体生存的意义和天生源自心灵的渴望。
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2013年1月16日
标签: 建筑、 旅游景点、 俄中旅游、 旅游、 历史、 艺术

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