科技博览：苏联时期计算机回眸

Agat was the first versatile 8-bit personal computer mass-produced in the Soviet Union for use in public education. Developed in 1981-1983 on the basis of the Apple II, it went into serial production in 1984, which lasted up until 1993. According to various reports, some Russian schools continued using Agat machines until at least 2001.

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wikimedia.org

“玛瑙”是苏联第一款系列通用型8位元个人计算机，设计目的为大众教育。玛瑙个人计算机于1981-83年在第二代苹果计算机基础上开发研制，1984年起投入批量生产，直至1993年。据报道，该款电脑在俄罗斯各地中小学校教学中至少使用到2001年。

The Korvet was a PC developed by the Institute of Nuclear Physics under Moscow State University to perform complex research calculations (e.g. for low-temperature plasmas). It went into serial production in 1988. However, the model was so successful that it began to be used not only by production facilities, but also in schools. Various modifications of the Korvet appeared, including the PK 8015 Orbit, which was actually a video games console. Up to 16 machines could be hooked up into a LAN.

podlovka.ru

“轻巡洋舰”个人计算机由莫斯科大学核物理研究所工作人员为当时进行的复杂研究计算（如低温血浆）而研制。1988年起投入批量生产。这款机型取得了极大的成功，不仅能用于生产，还能用于教学。随后出现过多种改进版，其中PC8015“轨道”型计算机实际是一部游戏操纵台。这款机型可在局域网中连接多达16台机器。

The PK-01 LVOV was an educational and consumer microcomputer, and the first with the potential to become truly domestic. Designed around 1986-1987, it came with a price tag of 750 rubles (the average wage at that time in the USSR was about 100-150 rubles per month). In technical terms, the PK-01 LVOV was a breakthrough in many ways. Later versions of the computer featured 128 KB RAM and a 256-color display. Production ran until 1991, and around 80,000 units were built.

profit.kz

“PC-01利沃夫”是一款集教学和居家使用于一体的微型计算机，也是首款最接近家用电脑的计算机。约于1986-87年研制。价格为750卢布（当时苏联平均月工资为100-150卢布）。“PC-01利沃夫”在技术上具有很多突破。该款计算机在后来的版本中拥有了128KB内存并能显示256种色彩。至1991年停产前，这款机型共生产了近8万台。

Mikrosha was one of the first Soviet personal computers for home use, mass-produced from 1987. In technical terms, there was nothing particularly outstanding about it, but it was targeted at the masses. There is a Soviet advert which today seems very quaint: "Mikrosha solves programming problems, develops associative and logical thinking, remembers any information, composes music, and plays with you and your children."

wikimedia.org

“米克罗沙”（Mikrosha）是苏联最早的家用个人计算机。1987年投入批量生产。米克罗沙技术上没有任何创新，但适合大众普及。苏联时期的米克罗沙广告片今天看来非常可爱：米克罗沙能根据程序解题、拓展联想和逻辑思维、牢记任意信息，甚至还能创作音乐并与您和您的孩子一起做游戏。

BK (which stood for "home computer" in Russian) was a family of 16-bit home and school computers. More than 162,000 were built, about 78,000 of them for retail sale, i.e. for a wide range of buyers. The BK 0010-01 series sold for less than a color television (about 650 rubles), but still 2-3 times more than the wage of an engineer. The BK was the first computer to feature a Soviet-made operating system, DEMOS, which is jokingly referred to as UNAS (in Russian "ours"), parodying the well-known system UNIX (which if pronounced incorrectly can sound like "theirs").

ruwapa.net

BK（家用电脑）是苏联生产的一款16位元家用与教学计算机。共生产了16.2万台，其中7.8万台面向广大消费者零售。BK 0010-01的价格低于彩色电视机，约为650卢布，不过这是当时一个工程师工资的2-3倍。这款家用电脑中首次出现了苏联造的操作系统DEMOS，曾被戏称为UNAS（即俄语“在我们这里”）以调侃著名的电脑系统UNIX（其词形好似俄语“在他们那里”）。

The Robotron was a computer engineering development that the USSR presented to Europe. The computer itself was developed at a research institute outside Moscow, and production was transferred to the German Democratic Republic. In 1984, production began of the Robotron 1715. It had no sound or mouse port, but featured two built-in drives.

mkt.izmuroma.ru

“机器人创”（Robotron）是苏联专为出口欧洲生产的一款计算机，由位于莫斯科郊外的一家研究所研制，然而生产制造却是在德意志民主共和国。1984年，Robotron1715型计算机投产，但还不具备声音播放功能和鼠标端口，然而却设有两个内置驱动器。

The Iskra 1030 was a Soviet version of IBM's PC/XT - a compatible personal computer based on the KR1810VM86 processor (an analog of the Intel 8086). The Iskra 1030M model was first presented at the "Automation'89" international industrial exhibition, held in Moscow in late 1989. The model had good competitive advantages for its time: the 256 KB RAM was expandable to 1MB. The second and third iterations featured hard drives - up to 10 MB. However, it was not widely distributed.

wikimedia.org

“火星1030”是苏联在КР1810ВМ86处理器（类似Intel 8086）基础上生产的IBM PC/XT现代个人计算机。“火星1030”型计算机曾于1989年底在莫斯科举办的“自动化1989”国际专业展览会上首次亮相。该款计算机由于内存可扩展至1MB，在当时具有极强的竞争力。其第二、三版产品开始使用硬盘，容量可达10MB。然而这款计算机却没有得到推广。

The Radio-86RK was a homemade 8-bit personal computer designed to be assembled by ham radio operators (hence the letters RK, which in Russian stand for "radio computer"). The computer spec was first published in a series of articles in the magazine Radio in 1986. It was not produced commercially. The computer could be assembled at home from "improvised materials." Instead of a monitor, the computer used a household TV connected via the video input.

mkt.izmuroma.ru

无线电-86RK是一款自制的8位元个人计算机，专为无线电爱好者收藏而设计（RK即“无线电计算机”的俄文缩写）。对此款计算机的描述最早出现在《无线电》杂志1986年的系列文章中。无线电-86RK计算机未进入过工业生产，可在家中利用“即兴材料”自行组装。这款计算机无需显示器，而是通过视频输入与家用电视机连接。