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索洛韦茨基群岛：古拉格幽魂不散之地 俄罗斯甚至坦克也在练习冬季两项

俄罗斯千年要塞历经风雨

来源： 《透视俄罗斯》
Veliky Novgorod (330 miles from Moscow) is impossible to imagine without its Kremlin. It defines the silhouette and layout of the cityscape. Veliky Novgorod's Kremlin, founded by Prince Yaroslav, is the oldest of all Russia's surviving kremlins (citadels). It was first mentioned in chronicles dating back to 1044.
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Andrew Dovgan

没有克里姆林宫的诺夫戈罗德市（距莫斯科330英里）是无法想象的。它是决定城市轮廓和布局的关键因素。诺夫戈罗德市的克里姆林宫是由雅罗斯拉夫王子建造的，是俄罗斯所有现存的克林姆林宫（城堡）中最古老的一座。
The word novgorodets (a resident of Novogorod) goes back further still to the year 859. The exact date of Novogorod's appearance and the location of the "old" city remain a moot point to this day in academic circles. The latest research suggests that the old city was located at the site of a hill fort that today stands on the right bank of the Volkhov River, 2 km from the modern city.

Andrew Dovgan

Novgorodets一词（诺夫戈罗德居民）的历史更为久远，可以追溯到公园859年。诺夫戈罗德市出现的确切时间，以及旧城的位置至今仍是学术界争论的焦点。最新的研究表明，老城区位于一座小山的山脚下，是现在沃尔霍夫河的右岸上，距离现代城市有两公里远。
Oreshek Fortress is a monument of defensive architecture. Its history is closely linked to the struggle of the Russian people for the lands that lie along the banks of the Neva River and the Gulf of Finland.

Andrew Dovgan

奥雷什克要塞一座古代的防御性建筑。它的历史与俄罗斯人争夺沿涅瓦河和芬兰湾沿岸的土地的战斗是密不可分的。
The fortress was founded in 1323 as a trade wharf and frontier stronghold for the city of Novgorod. In 1352, on the site of the wooden fortress that burned down during a battle, the residents of Novgorod built a new one made of stone.

Andrew Dovgan

要塞始建于1323年，曾是一个贸易码头，也是诺夫哥罗德市的前沿据点。在公元1352年，诺夫戈罗德的居民在被焚毁于战争中的木制堡垒原址上建造了一座新的石质要塞。
At the turn of the 16th century, the development of firearms saw the fortress reconstructed as an important strategic point of defense. It is said that nothing could make it surrender, except famine or an amicable agreement.

Andrew Dovgan

在16世纪之初，火器的出现使得看到要塞作为重要的战略防御点进行了改建。有人说，除了饥荒或和解协议之外，没有什么办法能够让它投降。
Koporye is ancient Russian town in the vicinity of Novgorod. Koporye Fortress was founded in 1237 by German knights of the Livonian Order.

Andrew Dovgan

科波里耶是诺夫哥罗德附近的一座古老的俄罗斯小镇。科波里耶要塞始建于公元1237年，是由日耳曼人的利沃尼亚骑士团建造的。
In 1241, Alexander Nevsky captured the fortress from the knights. It subsequently changed hands many times, as a result of which the fortress today is in fairly miserable repair.

Andrew Dovgan

公元1241年，亚历山大•涅夫斯基从骑士团手中占领了这座要塞。随后要塞易手了很多次，以至于现在的要塞依旧极为破旧。
The castle affords stunning views of the Gulf of Finland, despite the fact that it is 12 km away. It also played a crucial defensive role: approaching enemy ships could be spotted early and a messenger dispatched to Novgorod in good time.

Andrew Dovgan

在这座城堡能够欣赏芬兰湾的壮丽景色，尽管它实际上距离海湾还有12公里远。它也起到了至关重要的防御作用：守军能够及早发现接近的敌船，即使派出信使通知诺夫戈罗德。
Ivangorod Fortress (Ivangorod, Leningrad Oblast, Russia) was built during the reign of Ivan III in the summer of 1492 on the right bank of the Narva River. It was originally made completely out of wood. The purpose of Ivangorod Fortress was to protect the lands of Novgorod from the city's western neighbors.

Andrew Dovgan

伊万戈罗德要塞（俄罗斯列宁格勒州，伊万戈罗德）是伊凡三世在位期间在1492年夏季开始建造的，座落在纳尔瓦河的右岸。它最初是全木质结构。建造伊万戈罗德要塞的目的是为了从城市的西侧保护其领地。
The dates of the founding of the town and the fortress are unknown. We only possess the date of the first mention of the town: the year 903. Archaeological excavations of Pskov Kremlin (also known as Pskov Krom), which is the core of Pskov Fortress, have revealed that the Slavic settlers there had earthen and wooden fortifications as early as the 8th or 9th century.

Andrew Dovgan

城镇和要塞建立的时间已无从考证。我们只知道第一个提到的镇子是在公元903年建成的。在普斯科夫要塞的中心，也就是普斯科夫克里姆林宫的考古发掘（也被称为普斯科夫克罗姆）发现，斯拉夫定居者在公元8世纪或9世纪初就在这里建造了陶制和木制的工事。
Izborsk is one of the oldest towns in Russia. Legend holds that the town was founded by Sloven, son of Gostomysl, who gave it the name Slovensk, which was then changed to Izborsk in honor of Sloven's son, Izbor.

Andrew Dovgan

伊兹博尔斯克是俄罗斯最古老的城镇之一。传说中该镇是由戈斯托梅斯尔的儿子斯洛文建造的，他给这里取名为斯洛文斯克，后来为了表示对斯洛文的儿子伊兹博尔的尊敬，才改为伊兹博尔斯克的。
In 862, say the chronicles, Izborsk became the possession of Truvor (the younger brother of Rurik), who was its first prince, though not for long.

Andrew Dovgan

编年史上记载，在公元862年，伊兹博尔斯克落入特鲁沃（鲁里克的弟弟）手中，他成为了这里的第一位大公，尽管在位时间不长。
Porkhov Kremlin (or Porkhov Fortress) lies at the heart of the town of Porkhov in Pskov Oblast. The fortress buildings made of dark limestone have been almost completely preserved. The garden inside the fortress is home to the Church of St Nicholas (restored 1777) and the Local History Museum.

Andrew Dovgan

博克霍夫的克里姆林宫（或博克霍夫要塞）位于普斯科夫州博克霍夫镇的中心。以深色石灰石制成的堡垒几乎完整保留了下来。要塞内的花园里有圣尼古拉斯教堂（公元1777年重建）以及当地的历史博物馆。
The first mention of Staraya Ladoga is recorded in a chronicle from the year 862 relating how three Varangian brothers (the legendary Ruriks) were summoned to Russia as temporary "crisis managers."

Andrew Dovgan

编年史中第一次提到旧拉多加是公元862年的一条记录，讲述了瓦兰吉三兄弟（传奇的鲁里克兄弟）是如何被召集到俄罗斯作为临时的“危机应对者”的。
The late 9th century saw the construction of the first stone walls. Built from local limestone slabs, they were 1.5-2 meters thick. Within the enclosure of the walls there stood a stone watchtower.

Andrew Dovgan

公元9世纪末，这里建造了第一道石墙。厚1.5-2米的石墙是用石灰石板材建造而成的。在石墙内矗立着一座石质瞭望塔。
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2013年8月20日
标签: 建筑、 地区、 历史

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