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俄罗斯美女：设计师阿纳斯塔西娅·罗曼佐娃 俄罗斯超级工厂—车里雅宾斯克冶炼厂

亚马尔半岛神秘天坑或蕴含新生命

来源： 《透视俄罗斯》
Russian scientists from the Russian Center of Arctic Exploration have finally been able to reach the bottom of a crater discovered on the Yamal Peninsula from a helicopter last summer. The Yamal Peninsula is situated in the northern part of Western Siberia, which borders the Kara Sea in the Arctic Ocean. While the crater is located far from populated areas, it is not too far from a gas pipe. It's only accessible by air.
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Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

俄罗斯探险家从俄罗斯北极探险中心出发，终于抵达了去年夏天从直升机上发现的亚马尔半岛天坑底部。亚马尔半岛位于西伯利亚北部，毗邻北冰洋喀拉海。天坑远离居住区，离天然气输送管道不远。只能乘坐飞机到达。
The crater is a hole in the earth approximately 40 meters in diameter and 200 meters in depth. The way the dirt around the crater is scattered is quite telling. The earth was not penetrated from above; instead, an eruption occurred from beneath the earth. During the first expedition to the crater in July, scientists could not descend to its bottom due to the crater's constantly crumbling walls. However, as winter approached, the crater's walls and base froze, allowing expedition members to take ice and soil samples.

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

天坑直径约40米，深度约200米。 天坑周围泥土的分布方式很特别。土壤不是从上面渗透下来的；而是被喷射至地面上的。7月份，第一次探索天坑期间，由于坑内岩壁不断脱落，导致科学家无法下降到其底部。不过，随着冬天的临近，天坑岩壁和底部被冻住，探险队成员可以进入其中获得冰块和土壤样品。
The proximity of the Bovanenkovskoye gas field gave rise to the probability that the hole formed as a result of an explosion caused by human activities. Scientists, however, have now definitively concluded that the crater was caused by natural factors.

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

由于博瓦年科沃气田就在附近，有些人认为天坑可能是人类活动引起的爆炸所导致的结果。然而，科学家现在已经得出确切结论：该天坑是自然形成的。
Scientists do not exclude the possibility that the crater may fill with water in several years and form a small lake, of which there are quite a few on Yamal. Scientists are not certain how they form. One of the primary working theories behind their formation is the eruption of natural gas that collects underneath the earth.

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

科学家们不排除天坑在未来几年内被水填满形成小型湖泊的可能性，这种情况在亚马尔半岛并不少见。科学家们还不确定它们的形成原因，地表下天然气喷发被认为是坑洞形成的一个主要原因。
Vladimir Melnikov, an academic and head of the Tyumen Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told media outlets that craters in Yamal most likely formed in 2012 and 2013 as a result of global warming. "Frozen rock formations have started to thaw in Yamal. They've become less thick in some areas, allowing shale gas to exit through them."

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚秋明分部学术带头人弗拉基米尔·梅尔尼科夫（Vladimir Melnikov）告诉记者，亚马尔半岛上的天坑极有可能形成于2012到2013年间，是全球气候变暖导致的结果。“亚马尔半岛上冻结的岩石开始解冻。在一些地区，由于页岩气通过它们排出，所以它们已经变得不那么厚了。”
Air that has built up in the crater does not contain harmful additives or dangerous gases that could perniciously affect living organisms. This all speaks to the fact that the lake that has formed on the crater’s floor contains bacteria, which in turn makes it possible for new life to spring up here."

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

天坑附近积累起来的空气不含可能对生物体造成不良影响的有害物质或者危险气体。这一切表明，在天坑底部形成的湖泊中含有细菌，因此春天到来时，这里可能产生新生命。
The test results should still be studied and analyzed. Preliminary data, however, indicate that the formation of a hole this size may be a sign of a serious degradation in permafrost. Vasily Bogoyavlensky, professor and deputy director of the Oil and Gas Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, says that well-known “analogues” of the Yamal crater have only been encountered on the bed of Arctic seas, including the Kara Sea, but practically no research has been done on them as they presented no practical interest.

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

测试结果仍有待研究和分析。然而，初步数据表明，这种尺寸坑洞的形成可能预示着多年冻土层的严重退化。俄罗斯科学院石油和天然气研究所教授兼副主任瓦西里·博戈亚夫连斯基（Vasily Bogoyavlensky）表示，著名的亚马尔半岛天坑“类似物”只在北极海域的海床上遇到过，包括喀拉海，但是由于得不到实际利益，所以几乎没有对其进行过实地研究。
Permafrost is soil and rocks that remain at a temperature below 0°С for long periods of time—from 2-3 years to several thousand years. Groundwater exists in permafrost areas as ice. It sometimes exceeds a depth of 1,000 meters.

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

多年冻土是指温度长久低于零度的土壤和岩石，从两三年到几千年不等。地下水以冰的形式存在于多年冻土地区。有时，深度会超过一千米。
Permafrost is an enormous reserve of greenhouse gases. This includes methane, in particular, a gas that is primarily responsible for heating the atmosphere, not carbon dioxide, as is commonly assumed.

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

多年冻土是温室气体的一个巨大储备。其中包括甲烷，尤其是这种气体主要是用来加热大气温度，而非按一般假设所指的二氧化碳。
According to the Institute of the Earth’s Cryosphere, which is part of the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Siberian Division, permafrost covers more than 70% of Russia’s territory in one form or another. That’s approximately 12 million square kilometers. This area has not changed over the past decade. According to various estimates, permafrost covers a quarter of all dry land.

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

根据俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分部地球冰冻圈研究所的调查，多年冻土以一种或多种形式覆盖了俄罗斯70%以上的领土，约合一千二百万平方公里。在过去十年里，这一地区没有发生变化。根据各种估算，冻土面积占陆地面积的四分之一。
In addition to covering Russia, permafrost also exists in the north regions of Alaska, Canada, Europe, Asia, islands in the North Arctic Ocean, and Antarctica. It even exists in mountainous regions of Africa. The only continent to not have any permafrost is Australia.

Vladimir Pushkaryov / TASS

除了俄罗斯，多年冻土也存在于阿拉斯加北部地区、加拿大、欧洲、亚洲以及北冰洋岛屿和南极洲。它甚至还存在于非洲的山地地区。唯一没有多年冻土的大陆就是澳大利亚。
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2014年12月29日
标签: 天然气、 自然、 科学、 亚马尔半岛

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