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自由与实用：阿尔泰山区牧民的蒙古包生活

来源： 《透视俄罗斯》
Lost for centuries in a mountainous cleft between Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia, the Altai Mountains give shelter to numerous tribes of nomads. Moving from place to place, they nevertheless occasionally settle in one place for a time. In these periods, they live in felt yurts, ideal dwelling for a nomadic lifestyle.
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Valeri Stepanjuk

几百年来，在位于哈萨克斯坦、中国和蒙古之间的山区地带，阿尔泰山脉庇护着众多的游牧部落。他们经常从一处迁往另一处，但偶尔也会在一个地方定居一段时间。在此期间，他们会住在毛毡覆盖的蒙古包中，这是符合游牧民族生活方式的理想居所。
A yurt can be assembled in only 30 minutes. In Mongolia in the middle of the 20th century, there were hardly any permanent buildings, with the exception of churches and monasteries. The entire population lived exclusively in yurts, constantly transitioning from place to place. / The first step of assembling a yurt is installing the folding lattice sections of the yurt’s wall, or khans.

Valeri Stepanjuk

30分钟内就可以搭建起一座蒙古包。20世纪中叶，除了教堂和修道院之外，在蒙古几乎没有任何一座永久性建筑物。全国民众都居住在蒙古包里，不停地从一个地方迁往另一个地方。/搭建蒙古包第一步为安装蒙古包墙壁部分的折叠格子。
Even today, the yurt has not lost its significance. It remains a home to thousands of nomadic Mongolians. / The yurt’s internal space can be changed by adding or removing sections.

Valeri Stepanjuk

即使在今天，蒙古包仍然没有失去其存在的意义。它仍然是成千上万游牧蒙古人的家。/蒙古包的内部空间可以通过添加或移除部分墙壁而改变。
Mongol Villagers often open their houses to tourists, greeting them with bowls of mare’s milk, offering horseback tours of the mountains, and selling souvenirs crafted from felt matted from the wool of local sheep. / The base of a typical yurt is composed of 4-6 wooden lattice walls.

Valeri Stepanjuk

蒙古村民经常会将游客请到自己的家中，并端上马奶款待他们，还会邀请他们骑马游山，并向他们出售用当地羊毛制成的纪念品。/典型的蒙古包由4-6块木格墙组成。
In the villages of Altai, people often build permanent homes with a flat roof. For example, in the village of Kosh-Agach, only these houses exist. It is one of the driest places in Russia; there is simply no need to build sloped roofs. / The roofing of a yurt is made of poles and a fundamental circle.

Valeri Stepanjuk

在阿尔泰的村庄里，人们往往会修筑平顶的永久性住房。比如，科什阿加奇（Kosh-Agach）村中就只有这样的房屋。这里是俄罗斯最干旱的地区之一，根本不需要建造斜面屋顶的房子。/蒙古包的屋顶由支杆和圆环构成。
Inside, the yurt is insulated with multi-colored rugs and local patterns. But civilization has reached this place, as well. Many shepherds use solar batters right on the Altai steppe.

Valeri Stepanjuk

蒙古包内所铺的多色及本地图案地毯具有保温的作用。不过，现代文明也传到这里，许多牧民开始在阿尔泰草原使用太阳能电池。
One end of the poles is sharpened, while a rope loop is placed on the other end. They sharpened end is rested in the circle—or tono, the center of the circle, while the bottom part is rested on the latticed khans.

Valeri Stepanjuk

支杆的一端被削尖，另一端套一根绳圈。所有支杆削尖的一端呈环形搭在一起。
After placing the frame and main poles, a door is installed in the yurt’s entrance. In earlier days, a curtain made of felt was used as the door.

Valeri Stepanjuk

安装好框架和主支架后，就可以安装蒙古包的门了。在过去，用毛毡制成的门帘常被用作门。
On the outside frame, a felt mat is placed—sometimes in two layers—on top of which a substance is placed to protect the felt from rain and snow. The fabric is bound together with a rope.

Valeri Stepanjuk

毡垫被固定在框架外部，有时会铺设两层。毡垫表面覆盖有一层防雨雪的物质。通常，牧民用绳子将毛毡固定好。
That’s pretty much it: the yurt is ready. All that’s left is to lay the flower inside, position the household furnishings and celebrate with a housewarming! It is entirely possible to assembly a yurt with two people. / An example of a guest yurt, they look more elegant. Usually nomad dwellings are considerably simpler.

Valeri Stepanjuk

基本上，蒙古包就这样搭建而成了。剩下的就是将鲜花放在蒙古包里，并摆好家具，这样就可以庆祝乔迁了！即使只有两个人，也完全可能搭建起一座蒙古包。/待客用的蒙古包通常看起来更好一些，而牧民居住的蒙古包中的陈设往往很简单。
The door of a Mongolian yurt always faces south. This particularity of placing the yurt allows nomads to tell the time of day. A sun ray coming into the yurt through the upper opening in the yurt, and sliding along its walls, passes along the entire inner perimeter of the yurt.

Valeri Stepanjuk

蒙古包的门始终朝向南方。这使得牧民可以正确判断时间。阳光能够从蒙古包上方的开口处照射进来，光线会随着时间沿着墙壁移动，并照遍整座蒙古包内部。
Using the position of the sun ray inside the yurt, day-light—from sunrise to sunset—was divided into 29 time periods that correspond to the vertical poles of the yurt’s frame.

Valeri Stepanjuk

依照光线照射在蒙古包内的位置，从日出到日落的一天被分为29个时间段，正好对应着蒙古包框架上的支杆。
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2013年11月27日

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