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俄罗斯北方民俗之都 小熊在俄罗斯村子里恢复健康

乌兰乌德：俄罗斯佛教的摇篮

来源： 《透视俄罗斯》
Ulan-Ude is the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, located about 100 kilometers southeast of Lake Baikal. It is the third largest city in eastern Siberia by population. Until the mid-17th century, the region around Ulan-Ude was home to the Buryats, a Buddhist nomadic subgroup of the Mongols. The Buryats were originally nomadic herders, with cultural and language similarities to the Mongolians and religious similarities to Tibetan Buddhists.
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Igor Glushko

乌兰乌德是布里亚特共和国的首都，位于贝加尔湖东南约100公里。它是西伯利亚东部人口第三大的城市。直到17世纪中叶，乌兰乌德周边地区是布里亚特人的故乡，这是一个蒙古人的佛教游牧民族。布里亚特人最早是游牧民，文化和语言上贴近蒙古族，而宗教信仰则类似藏传佛教。
In the 18th century, Tsarina Elizaveta officially recognized Buddhism as a religion in Russia. Unfortunately, in the 1930's, Buryat culture and religion were practically stamped out by Soviet leaders. Mongolian script was replaced by Latin, then Cyrillic, and Buddhist temples were razed or put to other uses. Today, many buildings are reminiscent of Ulan-Ude's rich pre-Soviet trading traditions.

Igor Glushko

在18世纪，女沙皇艾丽扎维塔正式承认佛教在俄罗斯的地位。不幸的是，在上世纪30年代，布里亚特文化和宗教几乎被前苏联领导人彻底取缔。蒙古文手稿被先后被拉丁语和西里尔文所取代，佛教寺庙被夷为平地或移作其他用途。如今当地的许多建筑物都让人想起乌兰乌德在苏联时期以前丰富的贸易传统。
Climate here is extreme continental. Winter is long, frosty and sunny. Summer is short, with hot days and cool nights. Good rainfalls happen only in July and August. Autumn is warm and dry and is known by its long “Indian summer”. Climate of Buryatia is good for health because of abundant sunshine, dry air and rare clouds.

Igor Glushko

这里的气候是典型的大陆性气候。冬季漫长严寒而阳光明媚；夏季十分短暂，白天酷热夜晚凉爽。充分的降雨只会在7月和8月出现。秋天温暖和干燥，被称为长时段的“小阳春”。布里亚特共和国的气候对健康很有好处，因为日照充足，空气干燥且云量稀少。
Ulan-Ude is a city where these kinds of extremes seem to live harmoniously together: merchants next to Buryat Buddhists, European Russian culture beside Asian Mongolian culture.

Igor Glushko

乌兰乌德是一座将各种极端和谐地融合在一起的一座城市：商人挨着布里亚特佛教徒，欧洲的俄罗斯文化与亚洲的蒙古文化并存。
The city has a large ethnographic museum which recalls the history of the peoples of the region. There is also a large and highly unusual statue of the head of Vladimir Lenin in the central square, the largest in the world. Built in 1970 for the centennial of Lenin's birth, it towers over the main plaza at 7.7 meters and weighs 42 tons.

Igor Glushko

这座城市有个很大的人种学博物馆，回顾着该地区各民族的历史。城市的中心广场还有一个世界上最大的，极不寻常的列宁头像。它制作于1970年，是为纪念列宁诞辰一百周年而建，这座7.7米高，重达42吨的头像就矗立在主广场上。
Many religions are represented in Buryatia, here peacefully coexist Shamanism and the Buddhism, Old-believing and Orthodoxy. Shamanism had existed long before Buddhism and Christianity came to the shores of the lake Baikal. Buddhism in Buryatia exists as Lamaism. In Transbaikalye it has been spread since XVII century, Lamaism and Shamanism have considerably influenced each other. The first orthodox churches were built in Buryatia in the second half of XVII century, after the first Russian settlement had appeared there.

Igor Glushko

布里亚特共和国有许多宗教，萨满教与佛教和平共存，此外还有传统教派和东正教正统教派。萨满教是在佛教和基督教传到贝加尔湖地区以前很早就有的。布里亚特的佛教是喇嘛教。自十七世纪以来佛教就一直在流传，喇嘛教和萨满教相互之间已有了很大的影响。布里亚特共和国的第一座东正教教堂建于十七世纪后半期，是在最早的俄罗斯人在这里定居后才出现的。
The city’s development was greatly stimulated when the Trans-Siberian Railroad reached it in 1900 and later by the construction of a branch line to Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia in 1949—a branch extended to Beijing in 1956. Ulan-Ude’s role as a major rail junction led to the establishment of large locomotive and carriage repair works. Other industries include glassmaking, food processing, and other light industries.

Igor Glushko

西伯利亚铁路在1900年通道这里之后，城市的发展得到了极大地刺激。后来在1949年又修建了通往蒙古首都乌兰巴托的支线，1956年又延伸至了北京。作为重要的铁路枢纽，乌兰乌德修建了大型机车和车厢维修站。其他产业包括玻璃制造，食品加工和轻工业等。
Tourist infrastructure construction projects are profitable business investments. Closeness of Ulan-Ude to Lake Baikal facilitates the development of tourist business in the city. Ulan-Ude administration has identified 22 investments sites for hotels construction, seven projects being implemented and fifteen are open for investors.

Igor Glushko

旅游基础设施建设项目是利润丰厚的商业投资领域。由于乌兰乌德距离贝加尔湖很近，这就促进了全市旅游业发展。乌兰乌德市政府已经确定了22个酒店建设位置，其中7个项目正在实施，另有15个正在向投资方招商。
Until 1991 Ulan-Ude was closed to foreigners. There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude.

Igor Glushko

在1991年以前，乌兰乌德是不对外国人开放的。乌兰乌德历史悠久的中心区有装饰着木雕和石雕的老商业大楼。
Ulan-Ude city is an important railway junction because of its location on Trans-Siberian Railway between Chita and Irkutsk cities. There is also Trans-Mongolian Railway beginning in Ulan-Ude and going through Mongolia to China capital city Beijing. Also Trans-Siberian Highway (M55) is going through Ulan-Ude city. It is the only highway to travel to Vladivostok direction. There are two airports in the city: Ulan-Ude main airport “Mukhino” and small airport “Vostochny”.

Igor Glushko

乌兰乌德市是个重要的铁路枢纽，因为它是西伯利亚大铁路上连接赤塔和伊尔库茨克城市的中转站。乌兰乌德还是贯穿蒙古的铁路线的起点站，经蒙古一直通到中国首都北京。此外，西伯利亚高速公路（M55号）也经过乌兰乌德市。这是唯一一条前往符拉迪沃斯托克方向的高速公路。这座城市有两个机场：乌兰乌德主机场“ 穆克希诺”和小机场“东方港”。
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2013年5月6日
标签: 佛教

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