不可征服的北极：从探索未知到生态保护

The Arctic, Earth's northernmost region, covers the continental margin of Eurasia and North America and almost the entire Arctic Ocean, at the heart of which lies the North Pole.

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Mark Troyanovsky / Courtesy of MAMM

北极——地球最北区域——涵盖欧亚大陆和北美大陆边缘以及几乎整个北冰洋，其核心地带就是北极点。

Over the centuries the Arctic’s icy hush has hypnotized travelers and scholars. Back in the late 16th century Dutchman Willem Barents organized three expeditions in search of a north-east passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Sergey Anisimov / Courtesy of MAMM

数世纪以来，北极的冰冷宁静令旅行者和学者心驰神往。早在16世纪后期，荷兰人威廉·巴伦支（Willem Barents）就三次探索从大西洋到太平洋的东北航线。

In the mid-18th century Captain Vitus Bering, commander of the Russian Navy, discovered the strait between Siberia and North America. And the late 19th - early 20th century saw the beginning of nothing less than a pilgrimage: Fridtjof Nansen, Roald Amundsen, Robert Peary, Frederick Cook and various Russian polar explorers, among them Eduard Toll and Georgy Sedov, all tried to conquer the North Pole.

Vladimir Maximov / Courtesy of MAMM

在18世纪中期，俄罗斯海军指挥官维塔斯·白令（Vitus Bering）船长发现了西伯利亚和北美之间的海峡。从19世纪末到20世纪初，这种探索成为一种朝圣：弗里乔夫·南森（Fridtjof Nansen）、罗尔德·阿蒙森（Roald Amundsen）、罗伯特·佩里（Robert Peary）、弗雷德里克·库克（Frederick Cook）。很多俄罗斯极地探险者也都探索北极，其中就包括爱德华·托尔（Eduard Toll）和格奥尔吉·谢多夫（Georgy Sedov）。他们所有人都曾尝试征服北极。

By the end of the 19th century the first photographers had begun to join polar expeditions, believing in the limitless possibilities that the advent of photography would open up to scientists. Researchers now had a reliable way of documenting data that would allow their travels to be reported more accurately.

Pavel Kosenko / Courtesy of MAMM

到了19世纪末，第一批摄影师参与了极地探险，他们相信摄影将给科学家提供无限的可能性。研究人员便用上了这种可靠的数据记录方式，将他们的旅程更精准地记录下来。

Polar explorers and polar pilots were among the most respected and renowned people in Russia and elsewhere. Everyone knew their names. Late November saw the 120th anniversary of the birth of Hero of the Soviet Union and Arctic trailblazer Ivan Papanin (pictured). In 1934 a polar station was set up on Cape Chelyushkin under his command. Three years later, in 1937, Papanin took charge of the world's first drifting station, named the Severny Polyus (North Pole).

Viktor Temin / Courtesy of MAMM

在俄罗斯及世界其他地方，极地探险者和北极飞行员都是最受人尊敬的著名人物，他们的名字无人不晓。今年十一月下旬是苏联英雄、北极开拓者伊凡·帕帕宁（Ivan Papanin）（如图）诞辰120周年。1934年，在他的指挥下，一座极地站在切柳斯金角建成。三年后的1937年，帕帕宁主持世界上首座基地漂流科考站“北极”的工作。