RBTH RBTH RBTH RBTH RBTH RBTH RBTH RBTH RBTH
镜头下的俄苏时代：光影记录社会浮沉 冲浪勘察加 勇敢者的选择

马里埃尔共和国：见证马里人信仰与变迁的热土

来源： 《透视俄罗斯》
The Mari El Republic is an ethnic republic located in the eastern part of the Eastern European Plain of Russia situated in the central part of the Volga River's flow. The distance between Moscow and the regional capital Yoshkar-Ola is approximately 745 km.
向下滚动查看更多

Sergey Poteryaev

马里埃尔共和国是少数民族共和国，位于俄罗斯东欧平原东部、伏尔加河中段。该共和国首府约什卡尔奥拉距莫斯科约745公里。
The Mari people are one of the oldest ethnic groups living in the Russian Federation. Finno-Ugric peoples settled the territory in what is now European Russia dating back to prehistoric times. Archaeological sources from the first millennium B.C.E. have been preserved in the republic.

Sergey Poteryaev

马里族是俄罗斯联邦最古老的民族之一。芬兰-乌戈尔人在现今俄罗斯欧洲部分的定居时间，可追溯至史前。公元前一千年的考古证据至今保留在马里埃尔。
Starting in about the 11th century, the Mari people fell under the old Russian state's sphere of influence. Many accepted Christianity, while those who refused escaped to the east. The Mari continue to combine Christian and pagan traditions and beliefs in their lives to this day.

Sergey Poteryaev

从11世纪左右开始，马里人就进入了俄罗斯帝国的势力范围。许多人皈依了基督教，而不肯信教的民众则逃往东方。时至今日，基督教和异教的传统和信仰在马里人的生活中互相融合。
In the summer, pagan prayers are held in Mari villages. Here's what the Mari themselves say about this: "They brought a large bull to sacrifice. Each god possessed his own sacred tree: one had a big birch, another - a linden tree. These sacred trees, or onapu, are bound together with a belt made from linden bast that is first dipped in the blood of the sacrificed animal. After the prayer, the belt is burned on the fire."

Sergey Poteryaev

夏季，马里人会在村子里举行异教徒的祈祷仪式。马里人自己讲述道：“他们带来一头大公牛作祭祀品。每个神都有自己的圣树：一个神的圣树是一棵高大的白桦树，另一个神的则是一棵椴树。进行仪式时，先将椴树皮做成的束带浸入祭祀动物的血，再用束带将圣树捆在一起。祈祷结束后把束带烧掉。
"Before, there were family prayers and each family had their own sacred trees. These days, family prayers are done at home. The Mari are even sometimes called "Europe's last pagans."

Sergey Poteryaev

“以前有家庭祈祷，每个家庭都供养着自家的神木。近年来，祈祷者通常是在家里祈祷。马里人有时甚至被称为‘欧洲最后的异教徒’”。
Of course, all Mari speak Russian. However, in the 1920s, two equal literary language norms were established: the language of the meadow Mari and that of the mountain Mari. As in other ethnic republics, these years were marked by an active development in ethnic and cultural identity.

Sergey Poteryaev

当然，所有马里人都讲俄语。不过，在上世纪20年代，他们建立了两个同等重要的标准语规范：草原马里语和山地马里语。和其他少数民族共和国一样，少数民族的认同感和文化意识在这些年发展很快。
But, in the 1930s this process was halted by the start of Stalin's repressions. Practically all of the ethnic intelligentsia, worried about their people's identity, were annihilated.

Sergey Poteryaev

但在上世纪30年代，这种民族发展被斯大林发动的镇压所遏制。几乎所有为民族认同感而忧虑的少数民族知识分子都被屠杀了。
The Mari people have a second name: Cheremis. The word cheremis means "white man". The color white was a sacred color for the Mari. In days of old, they dressed only in bright, white clothing.

Sergey Poteryaev

马里人还有个名字，叫做切列米斯人。“切列米斯”指的是“白人”。白色是马里族的神圣颜色。在旧时代，他们只穿亮白色的衣服。
Translated into English the name of the Mari El Republic means something like "Land of the Mari people". The Mari have been closely connected with the earth and nature since days of old, particularly with agriculture.

Sergey Poteryaev

马里埃尔共和国翻译成汉语是指“马里人的土地”。马里人自古以来就和土地、自然密不可分，尤其是和农业。
Unfortunately, the amount of uncultivated land is growing due to multiple factors in the republic. This fact is reflected in Mari's lives and well-being.

Sergey Poteryaev

遗憾的是，受共和国的各种因素制约，荒置的土地越来越多。这也反映在马里人的生活和福利上。
More and more people are moving from small villages to large cities, especially to the republic's capital, Yoshkar-Ola.

Sergey Poteryaev

越来越多的民众从小村庄搬到了大城市，尤其是马里埃尔共和国的首府约什卡尔奥拉。
One of the most pressing universal problems in the development of modern Russian society is preserving the physical and cultural heritage of the small native peoples of Siberia.

Sergey Poteryaev

俄罗斯现代社会发展最为紧迫的普遍问题之一，便是维护西伯利亚原住民的物质文化遗产。
打印页面
2013年11月18日
标签: 平民生活、 地区

相关文章

阅读更多