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俄罗斯芭蕾舞丑小鸭变天鹅的荆棘之路 俄罗斯美女 两届艺术体操奥运金牌得主卡纳耶娃

细看帕列赫村的微画

来源： 《透视俄罗斯》
Although the village of Palekh is only 250 miles from Moscow, it takes as long to drive there from the capital as it would to fly to Beijing: about 9 or 10 hours.
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Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

从俄罗斯首都莫斯科到320公里外的俄伊万诺沃州帕列赫村所需时间与飞往中国首都北京的时间差不多，都是9-10小时。
With a population of 6,000, Palekh boasts some 600 artists, and the secrets of their art have been passed down from generation to generation.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

目前，帕列赫村总共6000名居民中有600名画家，其绘画技艺都是祖传的。
The village appeared in the 15th century. Gradually, along the banks of the picturesque Paleshka River, grew a settlement inhabited by icon painters well known to the tsar’s court. They painted beautiful icons with countless details — “all the little things.”

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

位于风景如画的帕列什卡(Paleshka)小河畔的这个村庄始建于十五世纪，其圣像画绘画艺术当年曾深得俄王室喜爱。
Their work can be found in the churches in the Moscow Kremlin and in the Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius. In 1882, the Belousovs, a Palekh family of icon painters, decorated the Faceted Palace in the Kremlin.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

这里创作的许多栩栩如生的精美圣像作品如今都可在莫斯科克里姆林宫教堂以及圣三一谢尔盖大修道院找到。
After the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 icon painters were forced to find other applications for their talents. They decorated wooden spoons, nested dolls (“matryoshkas”), boxes, dishes…

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

十月革命后，圣像画家们不得不寻找发挥自己才华的新出路。他们在木勺、套娃、盒子、餐具等物品上边进行彩绘。
All of this was in danger of dying out, but the artists managed to adapt and develop a new style. At an exhibition in 1923, the Palekh cooperative showed several of their small wooden boxes and dishes decorated with motifs from Russian folk songs.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

这些手艺一度曾面临失传，但艺术家们最终适应了形势发展并创作出新的作品风格。1923年，在艺术工业展览会上帕列赫劳动生产组合展示了几件具有圣像画彩绘风格的木质小物品 —— 一些以俄罗斯歌曲为题材的锦匣和盘子。
The result was a genuine renaissance. The work of the Palekh masters began to be exported, bringing the Soviet state hard currency. Their work even won prizes at the World Expo in Paris.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

但帕列赫艺术的真正复兴始于帕列赫大师们的作品开始出口创汇。帕列赫作品在巴黎展会上获了奖。
In 1928, they began training new young artists to replace the old masters. In 1935, the Palekh Museum was created: a priceless collection of icons, lacquer miniatures, drawings, and paintings.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

1928年，他们开始训练新的年轻艺术家，以取代年老的大师。1935年，帕列克博物馆成立了。其中收藏了许多珍贵的肖像画藏品，漆器微画，图纸和绘画。
The motifs for these miniatures were typically taken from everyday life, classic works of literature, fairy tales, folk poems and songs. The work is usually done on a black background with decorations in gold.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

这些微画的主题主要取自日常生活，经典的文学作品，童话故事，民间诗歌和歌曲。他们的作品通常是在黑色背景上以金色绘制。
The work is all done by hand. Each box must be oiled, primed, caulked and painted with black lacquer on the outside, red enamel on the inside — then dried and decorated. In Palekh we do not make copies; every box is unique. The final polishing is done with the palm of the hand, which makes the work truly unique. A miniature cannot be enlarged; therefore the artists use magnifying glasses.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

全部都是手工制作，用薄板制做“内胆”，然后图上油、上底色、抹平、上边再涂一层黑漆、内部涂上磁漆，烘干后在上面作画。帕列赫从不制作副本，每一只锦盒都是独一无二的。最后的抛光是用手掌来完成的，这是这项工作的真正独特之处。
Palekh fakes comprise 80-90 percent of the market. The law against piracy doesn’t work. Souvenir shops buy things from artists that have not passed muster with the experts.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

仿制的帕列赫作品占据了市场份额的80％至90％。打击盗版的法律不起作用。纪念品商店从没有通过专家认定的画家手中购买商品。
Today, every tenth resident of Palekh is a graduate of the Palekh Art School. There are only two schools of this kind in all of Russia. Every year 16 students graduate.

Evgeniy Ptushka / Strana.ru

目前，每十位帕列赫居民之中就有一位是高尔基帕列赫艺术学校的毕业生。这样的学校俄罗斯仅有两所。学校每年只培养16名学员，但来学习的人越来越少，奖学基金正在被削减。
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2013年3月2日
标签: 传统、 艺术、 工艺

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